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RERA Act does not bar remedies under Consumer Protection Act: Supreme Court | https://www.barandbench.com//rera-act-does-not-bar-initiat

Whether Application For Anticipatory Bail Is Maintainable Even After An Accused Is Declared "Absconder" U/s 82 Cr.P.C. ? Background Of The Case :- (1) The antic...ipatory bail application in the case at hand relates to an FIR registered against the Petitioner on July 19, 2013, accused of rape by a 15-yr-old girl. (2) After registration of the FIR the Court had issued Non-bailable Warrants against the Petitioner and upon its non-execution, he was declared as a proclaimed offender. Contention Of The Prosecution :- (1) The prosecution had submitted that as the accused was declared as a proclaimed offender. Hence, the pre-arrest bail plea was not maintainable in terms of the Supreme Court's verdict in "Lavesh v. State (NCT Of Delhi), (2012) 8 SCC 73". (2) In that case, the Apex Court had held "Normally, when the accused is "absconding" and declared as a "proclaimed offender", there is no question of granting anticipatory bail. We reiterate that when a person against whom a warrant had been issued and is absconding or concealing himself in order to avoid execution of warrant and declared as a proclaimed offender in terms of Section 82 of the Code is not entitled the relief of anticipatory bail." (3) In "State of Madhya Pradesh v. Pradeep Sharma", the Supreme Court reiterated that if anyone is declared as an absconder/proclaimed offender in terms of Section 82 of the Code, he is not entitled to the relief of anticipatory bail. Contention Of The Accused :- (1) The Petitioner-accused on the other hand explained that he and the victim were in love and on noticing that the victim had an affair with another man, he felt ignominious and left for a distant place, far away from her, on June 20, 2013. (2) It was his case that he found out about the registration of a FIR against him and his declaration as a proclaimed offender only recently, when he was forced to return home amid the Lockdown. It was thus pleaded that the circumstances of the case were extraordinary, and relief should be granted. Held :- (1) The High Court agreed that the Petitioner's circumstances cannot be termed as 'normal' and therefore, he should be granted protection from arrest. (2) Giving clarity on the Laves's case (supra), Justice Chitkara said, "In Lavesh's case (supra), while laying down the law on anticipatory bails to absconders, Hon'ble Supreme Court structured the pronouncement by the words, "Normally." An analysis of entire allegations creates a possibility of the accused smitten by love, became melancholic, and left the area on June 20, 2013, i.e., before the registration of FIR dated July 19, 2013. After that, compelled by the lockdown, and fear created by the pandemic of COVID-19, returned home, where, for the first time, he came to know about the FIR and already declared as a proclaimed offender cannot be ruled out. Resultantly, the facts and circumstances are not normal." (3) He further stated, "The legal maxim Domus sua cuique est tutissimum refugium, aptly describes the plight of the accused, which means every man's house is his safest refuge. Thus, the circumstances can not be termed as normal for the accused, and he makes out a special case for bail. A balanced approach would work as an incentive, a catalyst for proclaimed offenders to surrender to the Court of Law, speeding up the process, and bringing the guilty to Justice and Justice to the guilty." (4) HC also observed that section 82 of CrPC neither creates any riders nor imposes any restrictions in the filing of anticipatory bails by the proclaimed offenders. Balveer Singh Bundela v. State of Madhya Pradesh (Miscellaneous Criminal Case No.5621/2020) :- (1) It is pertinent to note here that in May this year, Justice Anand Pathak of the Madhya Pradesh High Court in "Balveer Singh Bundela v. State of Madhya Pradesh (Miscellaneous Criminal Case No.5621/2020)" had also observed that valuable right of personal liberty of an individual, at least to seek anticipatory bail, cannot be curtailed. It was held thus that an application under Section 438 of CrPC is maintainable even if a person has been declared as proclaimed offender in terms of Section 82. (2) Justice Pathak noted that in Lavesh's case (supra), the Top Court had that a proclaimed offender in terms of Section 82 of the Code is not "entitled" to the relief of anticipatory bail. He emphasized that the judgment does not talks about "maintainability" of anticipatory bail application after a person is declared absconder but, it merely suggests that the absconder loses "entitlement" to bail. (3) Elaborating on this aspect the court said, "according to Apex Court, a person who is proclaimed offender under Sections 82 and 83 of Cr.P.C. loses the sheen on merits to seek anticipatory bail. His application deserves dismissal on merits if he is declared as absconder under Section 82 of Cr.P.C. but application is certainly maintainable." Case Details :- Case Title: Mahender Kumar v. State of Himachal Pradesh Case No.: Cr. MP(M) No. 1682 of 2020 Coram: The Hon’ble Mr. Justice Anoop Chitkara, Judge. Date of Decision: 26th October, 2020

What are essential ingredients of criminal breach of trust U/s 405 IPC ? (1) In (2003) 7 SCC 399 (Kailash Kumar Sanwatia Vs. State of Bihar and another) the Sup...reme Court held that following ingredients of offence are to be treated as criminal breach of trust; Entrusting any person with property, or with any dominion over property. The person entrusted (a) dishonestly misappropriating or converting to his own use that property; or (b) dishonestly using or disposing of that property or wilfully suffering any other person so as to do in violation- (i)of any direction of law prescribing the mode in which such trust is to be discharged; or (ii)of any legal contract made touching the discharge of trust. (2) The other aspects have also been considered by the Supreme Court on numerous occasions. In 2002 SCC (Cri) 129 (S.W. Palanitkar and others Vs. State of Bihar and another) the Supreme Court held that without mens rea a breach of trust may not result in criminal breach of trust. Every breach of trust may not result in penal offence of criminal breach of trust unless there is evidence of a mental act of fraudulent misappropriation. An act of breach of trust involves a civil wrong, in respect of which the person wronged may seek his redress for damages in a civil court, but a breach of trust with mens rea gives rise to a criminal prosecution as well. (3) In AIR 1983 SC 631 (Roshan Lal Raina Vs. State of Jammu and Kashmir), we found that proof of 'entrustment' is the basic ingredient for the proof of guilty of offence of criminal breach of trust. However, such reference is arising out of Section 409 Cr.PC. CASE DETAILS :- ALLAHABAD HIGH COURT Case No. : Criminal Misc. Writ Petition No. 11675 of 2005. Case Title : Pradeep Agrawal alias Sappu Vs State of U.P. through Secretary, (Home), Lucknow and others Present: Coral : Hon'ble Mr. Justice Amitava Lala and Hon'ble Mr. Justice Shiv Shanker Dated : 21-12-2005.

Interesting set of books.